There is also much that could be learned about brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and human-machine interfaces. ![]() This research was recently published in Neuron. It may prove a particularly useful tool in understanding the pharmacological effects of various drugs and understanding how they affect brain function. Though the range is diverse, each condition has an effect on decision-making that may be unraveled through long term, multi-region studies of the decision circuit like that of Smith, Yu, and Cowley. Several medically-defined mental conditions, such as schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder (ADD), Tourette’s syndrome, and others, affect one’s impulsivity in a way that may be comparable in effect to these internal states. “We all have tendencies that shift over time, ranging from times that we are quite patient and willing to wait to other times that we are more impulsive and prone to guess,” said Smith, “We found that this tendency was woven into the brain-wide activity of our subjects.”Īs decision-making is one of the most fundamental cognitive processes, this research could have broad implications for future studies in neuroscience and psychology. Matthew Smith, Associate Professor, Biomedical Engineering We all have tendencies that shift over time… We found that this tendency was woven into the brain-wide activity of our subjects. These findings illustrate the crucial role that internal states play in understanding the biological workings of the brain’s decision circuit and how they may change over time. Their observations on the effect of slow neural drift on subject behavior offers insight into how these internal states may physically influence decision-making. As time passed the subjects’ decisions slowly changed, and with this change the team observed a drift in brain activity synchronized across multiple brain regions, which they associated with a change in internal state over time. What they were able to observe over the course of the task was what they’ve termed a “slow neural drift” in brain activity. Their goal was to measure how activity in this “decision circuit” changed in repeating this task over the course of a few hours. The team posed subjects with a simple visual task and simultaneously measured the prefrontal cortex, an area associated with decision-making, and another area of the brain associated with visual perception. ![]() Studies encompassing a long period of time are rare in neuroscience, and simultaneous measurement of multiple regions of the brain even rarer, but this is exactly what Smith specializes in. However, the biological mechanism through which these states affect critical thinking and the ability to make decisions is still poorly understood. You don’t have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making these are examples of internal states. While “internal state” or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Through recording the activity of populations of neurons simultaneously in two brain areas, they were able to gain unprecedented insight into how the waxing and waning of our mental state influences the decisions we make. ![]() student Ben Cowley (Ph.D., SCS ’18), have studied the neural basis through which internal states in the brain affect decision-making over an extended period of time. Matthew Smith and Byron Yu, along with former Ph.D.
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